4^th African Pharma Congress June 20-21, 2016 Cape Town, South Africa

A drug dissolution test is an in vitro analytical test used for assessing expected drug delivery characteristics of pharmaceutical products in humans, in particular, of solid oral dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules. The percent of dose entering the systemic circulation after administration of a given dosage form. More explicitly, the ratio of the amount of drug “absorbed” from a test formulation to the amount “absorbed” after administration of a standard formulation. Frequently, the “standard formulation” used in assessing bioavailability is the aqueous solution of the drug, given intravenously. If two medicines are bioequivalent there is no clinically significant difference in their bioavailability. Although bioequivalence is most commonly discussed in relation to generic medicines in pharmacy, it is important to note that bioequivalence studies are also performed for innovator medicines in some situations.

The main areas of research and teaching are on the catalyst and process development, mechanical and thermal unit operations and process of chemical reaction engineering design in various dosage forms. The Chemical Technology enables efficient production of basic, intermediate and end products in pharmacy. Between 1970 and 1980, the energy requirements for chemical reactions with the same production volume were reduced by about 40% through improvements of chemical processes in a chemical industry. Plant location, african  African Pharmaceutical Conference the establishment of an industry at a particular place. Morever, a very well-known name in the business world, explained layout of an industry as, “The plan of or the act of planning, an optimum arrangement of facilities, including personnel, operating equipment, storage space, materials handling equipment and all other supporting services along with the design of the best structure to accommodate these facilities”

Titration is a laboratory method used to determine the unknown concentration of a reactant. This is a delicate procedure that requires patience and good observation skills during procedure. Usually, an indicator is used in titration to determine the endpoint of the reaction. Once the endpoint volume is found, mathematics can be used to determine the concentration of the unknown. This procedure is commonly used in the field of analytical method of analysis. In polarography, the electric potential (i.e. voltage) of a growing mercury drop in an electrolyte containing an electro active species is varied as a function of time and the resulting current due to the electrochemical reaction is measured. Polarography is a method employing the measurement of absorbance of a reaction mixture. It is the simplest method used and is employed by a large number of instruments such as a colorimeter, semi auto analyser, auto analyser. Common chromatographic techniques are column chromatography, HPLC, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography are commonly used other techniques are use instantly.

Biochemistry is the science, which deals with the chemical constituents of living cells, and with the reaction and processes, they undergo. Biochemistry, also sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter, organic molecules. The laws of biochemistry govern all living organisms and living processes. By controlling information flow through biochemical African Pharmaceutical Conference signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Limit test is defined as quantitative analysis or semi quantitative test designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity which is likely to be present in the substance. IR spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique to identify chemical compounds and to investigate sample composition. 

Pharmacology is a medical science that forms a backbone of the medical profession as drugs form the corner stone of therapy in human diseases. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to describe the pharmacological basis in pharmacy of therapeutics in order to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of drugs to recipients. This lecture note on pharmacology is primarily a note for undergraduate health science & pharmacy students such as health officer, nursing, midwifery and laboratory technology students. However, other health professionals whose career involves drug therapy or related aspects should also find much of the material relevant. The goal is to empower the practitioner through an understanding of the fundamental scientific principles of structure activity relationships in pharmacology. The effects of prototypical drugs on physiological and pathophysiological processes are clearly explained to promote understanding on adverse drug reactions. Other related drugs are touched briefly. African Pharmaceutical Conference The selection of the drugs is based on the national drugs list for Ethiopia and on the accumulated experience of teaching pharmacology to many health profession students.

Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structures of plants, animals or, for our focus, the human body. The human body is an amazing and complex structure that can perform an almost limitless number of tasks. Physiology focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structures making up the human body. These physiologic processes include muscle contraction, our sense of smell and sight, how we breathe, and so on and reduce drug interactions. Metabolism refers to all of the chemical operations going on within our bodies. Metabolism requires various nutrients or fuel to function and produces waste products much like a car consumes petrol for power and produces waste, or exhaust. Metabolism, for now, can be thought of as ‘all the life-sustaining reactions within the body’. Pathology deals with the study of infectious diseases. that cause a sudden change in body abnormilities thants seen change in structure or body part.he resulting change in body or function significance of disease is also considered

Phytochemistry or plant chemistry is an interdisciplinary department between natural products chemistry, botany and pharmacy, which deals with biochemistry, isolation, investigation, characterization, microscopy and structure elucidation of plant constituents (phytochemicals) and plant dyes and, inter alia, the usefulness of these compounds considered in terms of medical applications. The phytochemicals present in plants are responsible for preventing disease and promoting health have been studied extensively to establish their efficacy African Pharmaceutical Conference and to understand the underlying mechanism of their action. Such studies have included identification and isolation of the chemical components, establishment of their biological potency both by in vitro and in vivo studies in experimental animals and through epidemiological and clinical-case control studies in man. Adulterations spoil the crude drugs.

Pharmacovigilance involves the collection of data on Adverse Reactions which must then be analysed and evaluated to create meaningful safety information. The process of signalling involves looking at the adverse reaction data for patterns that suggest new safety information. This content provides a brief introduction to the definition and purpose of signals and some of the key methodologies employed to generate them by validation. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to report adverse reactions via national spontaneous reporting systems. Consumers and patients may also report adverse reactions in this way as well as via a wide variety of media, including the internet. Relevant information may also be made available from other soures, such as poisons centres. All steps taken and recommendations made must be accurately tracked and documented at every stage to assure quality control. There are resulting legal obligations which must be fulfilled in an accurate and timely manner but the ultimate goal is to confirm or refute whether there is some new issue with the safety of a medicine so that action might then be taken to reduce the risk by following good manufacturing practices.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology focusses on prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, relevant enzymes and proteins; applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; genomics and proteomics; applied microbial and cell physiology; environmental biotechnology; process and products, fermentation products and more. The journal welcomes full-length papers and mini-reviews of new and emerging products, processes and technologies. Disinfection and sterilization are essential for ensuring that medical and surgical instruments do not transmit infectious pathogens to patients. Because sterilization of all patient-care items is not necessary, health-care policies must identify, primarily on the basis of the items’ intended use, whether cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization is indicated. Genetics is the science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, passed along, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism.

Instruments involve conception, design, construction, and operation of research facilities and manufacturing plants, where they also are involved in the conception, design, scale-up, manufacturing, and labelling and packaging processes, exchangers in the conversion of chemical and biological materials into valuable pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical therapies and transportation of fluids. They have to implement FDA regulations, validation assurance (VA), quality control, and maintain Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliant facilities. In addition to the safety of the end product, they have to maintain a level of personal and environmental safety. Parameter extraction is an important part of model development

The primary objective of the Bill is to amend the Drugs Misuse Act 1986 (DMA) and the Drugs Misuse Regulation 1987 (DMR) specifically with regard to the classification of a range of drugs. The Bill aims to recognize the dynamic nature of the drug industry by extending the definition of dangerous drug and creating new offences for the supply and production of precursor substances and items.